Membership of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons (MRCS) Practice Exam

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• Which nerves are branches of the mandibular nerve?
• Which nerve innervates the thigh adductors?
• Which structure is closely related to the adductor longus muscle?
• What characterizes comedo necrosis on core biopsy?
• Where is the safe triangle for chest drain insertion located?
• What is the primary action of dopamine in the body?
• Broca's area is primarily supplied by which artery?
• What imaging is recommended to investigate a patient with brown-colored urine and pneumaturia?
• What triggers the fight or flight response in the body?
• In the case of acute limb ischaemia with poor inflow, what is the next step of management?
• What type of infusion is required before initiating cardiopulmonary bypass?
• From which artery does the inferior epigastric artery originate?
• Which classification system is used to determine the severity of diverticulitis?
• In what circumstance is a caecostomy indicated?
• Which anaesthetic is known for having the strongest anaesthetic effect?
• Which nerves provide sensory supply to the medial and lateral plantar surfaces of the foot?
• Where should you make the incision on the strap muscles to properly expose a goitre?
• Which muscle forms the lateral boundary of the adductor canal?
• What anatomical structure lies behind the left brachiocephalic vein?
• Which of the following options describes a property of Docetaxel?
• Which chemotherapy drug is known to disrupt microtubule formation?
• Which nerve supplies the webspace of the first and second toes?
• What is the most common type of anal fissure?
• Which of the following is NOT a complication of diverticulitis?
• Oculomotor nerve palsy often presents with which of the following?
• For recurrent or high-grade superficial TCC in the bladder, which treatment option is commonly used?
• The anterior interosseous nerve innervates how many muscles?
• Which amino acid is found in all types of collagen?
• What is the most common position of the appendix?
• What are corkscrew-shaped collaterals indicative of on an angiogram?
• What does absolute risk reduction measure?
• Pelvic appendicitis is characterized by which symptom combination?
• At which positions are haemorrhoids typically found?
• What occurs during late diastole concerning the atria?
• What type of fibers does the glossopharyngeal nerve carry?
• What is the standard method for measuring arterial blood pressure in an ICU setting?
• The aortic pressure is equivalent to which cardiac concept?
• Which nerve runs medial to lateral between the greater and lesser sciatic foramen?
• What principle explains the downward deflections in the JVP waveform?
• What is a common symptom of SOF syndrome related to vision?
• What does IV broad-spectrum antibiotics primarily aim to prevent in open fractures?
• What is the mnemonic to remember the sections of the brachial plexus?
• What type of lesions are indicative of granulomatous diseases like Granulomatosis with polyangiitis?
• Which artery is responsible for the arterial supply of the ascending colon?
• Which nerve supplies the interossei muscles of the hand?
• What does the Bainbridge reflex respond to?
• Which of the following is a sign of Cowden's disease?
• What does the transversalis fascia invest?
• Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the right adrenal gland's anatomy?
• What does SOF syndrome refer to?
• Which nerve injury results in a "waiter's tip" position?
• Which of the following scenarios is not a typical clinical sign of acute limb ischaemia?
• What anatomical references are important for understanding the arterial supply to the transverse colon?
• What is a common muscle affected in cases of hip pathology?
• What effect does CCK have on the gallbladder?
• What is the recommended approach for perimenopausal women starting estrogen blocking therapy?
• What is the APTT result for a patient with Hemophilia?
• In an immunocompromised patient, which pathogen is most likely to cause diarrhea?
• What characterizes Level 1 nodal stations in the axilla?
• What procedure is performed for infants presenting with jaundice beyond 14 days of age?
• Which agent is known to reduce output from a pancreatic or high-output fistula?
• Which chemotherapy drugs are most commonly used in colorectal cancer?
• What structure needs to be divided to access the coeliac trunk during surgery?
• What does the acronym HARDUP help to remember in relation to normal gap acidosis?
• Which nerve arises from the inflammation and can be affected post-fracture?
• What are the typical features of a chronic anal fissure?
• Where is a CVP line typically sited?
• What is the common management approach for mild diverticulitis?
• Which methods are commonly used to investigate patients with suspected colon cancer?
• Which diathermy technique involves the active electrode in contact with tissue, applying low current and high voltage?
• What surgical approach is often utilized to manage Mirizzi's syndrome?
• What condition is characterized by abdominal pain and coughing in a traveler to Africa or the Far East?
• Which structure is NOT part of the boundaries of the femoral triangle?
• What is the most common adverse effect of transfusing packed red blood cells?
• What is the primary management goal for aortic dissection?
• Which structure is closely associated with the piriformis muscle?
• Which E. coli subtype causes small bowel traveler's diarrhea?
• What physiological response occurs when atrial stretch receptors are activated?
• In the Duke's staging system, what does Dukes A indicate?
• What is the survival rate associated with Dukes C staging?
• Which diathermy mode is characterized by a cutting instrument using a sinusoidal non-modulated waveform?
• What is the mnemonic used to remember the branches of the common peroneal nerve?
• Which vitamin deficiency is associated with pernicious anemia after gastrectomy?
• What is the first step in investigating acutely unwell surgical patients suspected of diverticulitis?
• What condition is characterized by bilious vomiting and peritoneal signs in a week-old baby?
• Which of the following does NOT respond to pO2 levels?
• What is indicated by foul-smelling ear discharge and facial nerve weakness?
• What genetic mutation is associated with Li Fraumeni syndrome?
• Which characteristic is indicative of full thickness burns?
• Which of the following arteries is typically involved in cerebellar supply?
• Which characteristic differentiates a fibroadenoma from a breast cyst?
• How long after a fracture is fracture callus typically seen on an X-ray?
• What occurs during the second phase of the myocardial action potential?
• Which of the following medications can falsely elevate 5-HIAA levels?
• What is a distinctive clinical feature of Takayasu's arteritis related to the pulse?
• What percentage of appendices are typically found in a retrocaecal position?
• What is the nerve supply for the anterior belly of the digastric muscle?
• What is a common complication associated with tibial fractures?
• In chronic suppurative otitis media with cholesteatoma, which structure is primarily damaged?
• What is the recommended suture material for mass closure of the abdomen?
• Which of the following structures is involved in the muscular components of the diaphragm?
• How does the venous drainage of the left adrenal gland differ from the right?
• Which structure separates the basilic vein from the median cubital vein?
• What is a common feature of linitis plastica on histological examination?
• Which vein is commonly referred to as the Houseman's friend vein?
• What is the most common chemotherapy regimen for breast cancer?
• What deformity is associated with a fracture of the distal radius and commonly presents with a wrist dislocation?
• Which nerves arise from the medial cord of the brachial plexus?
• If the external opening of an anal fistula is situated above the transverse anal line, what is the orientation of the track?
• How is the risk of fracture evaluated in patients with secondary bone tumours?
• Which of the following best describes the use of the Swan-Ganz catheter?
• Hydatid cysts are caused by which organism?
• What is the typical treatment for benign nipple discharge caused by duct ectasia in younger women?
• Which factor is NOT affected by liver disease?
• What is the recommended procedure for managing large bowel obstruction caused by rectal cancer?
• What effect do A adrenergic receptors have on insulin secretion?
• Which incision is utilized for upper abdominal surgery including oesophageal and pancreatic operations?
• In the management of chronic venous insufficiency, what is essential to check prior to applying compression stockings?
• What is the effect of the chemotherapy regime FEC in the treatment of breast cancer?
• What histological feature is commonly found in a granuloma of a patient with sarcoidosis?
• What will the APTT result typically indicate in a patient on aspirin?
• What nerve passes through the hypoglossal canal?
• Which type of colonic polyp is associated with the highest risk of malignancy?
• What is the final structure that CSF is resorbed into?
• Which muscles are primarily innervated by the common peroneal nerve?
• What characterizes a Maisoneneuve fracture?
• For a strangulated femoral hernia, which surgical incision is appropriate?
• What is the primary surgical procedure for treating gastric tumors extending into the esophagus?
• Which condition does a Pfannenstiel incision primarily assist in treating?
• Which clotting factors are affected in liver disease?
• What condition is indicated by the halo sign on a mammogram?
• What does the number needed to treat (NNT) define?
• What is the most common imaging method used to investigate fistulas?
• What do the facial nerve fibers supply?
• What is one effect of catecholamines during the fight or flight response?
• Which cranial nerve carries parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland?
• Which metatarsal bone is related to the cuboid in the foot?
• Which muscle function is retained in cases of posterior interosseous nerve injury?
• Which imaging test is NOT recommended for evaluating large bowel obstruction?
• In which situation is an escharotomy recommended for burn patients?
• What is the primary physiological activity during mid-diastole?
• What type of cyst is associated with lesions on the external angle of the eye, including hair follicles?
• What condition is characterized by pharyngitis with petechial hemorrhage and tonsillitis?
• What are the phases of gastric acid secretion and their percentage contributions?
• Noradrenaline functions primarily as what kind of agent in cardiovascular management?
• What nerve may cause referred pain to the middle ear?
• What is the recommended initial management for Duke's C2 caecal cancer?
• Which anastomosis has the highest rate of leakage?
• What is a common side effect of erythromycin?
• Which symptoms comprise Reynold's pentad of cholangitis?
• Which condition is associated with increased abdominal compartment syndrome risk?
• What is the effect of Morgagni hernia?
• Damage to which muscles leads to Trendelenburg gait?
• Which anaesthetic is associated with adrenal suppression?
• Which nerve lies superficially to the extensor retinaculum laterally?
• What is a characteristic of the Fowlers' method?
• Which nerve is NOT innervated by the femoral nerve?
• What structure do the infrahyoid muscles primarily act on?
• What coagulation test results are indicative of Vitamin K deficiency?
• Rifampicin is associated with which mechanism of action?
• Which of the following is a conservative treatment for anal fistulae?
• Which of the following is NOT an extraintestinal feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?
• What is the treatment for anal verge rectal cancer?
• How is total body water distributed by weight in the compartments?
• Which of the following is NOT a branch of the third part of the axillary artery?
• What does bleeding time primarily measure?
• What is the most common infective organism responsible for quinsy?
• Which anaesthetics have the safest cardiac safety profile?
• What is a significant clinical feature of Pemphigus vulgaris?
• What defines a Barton's fracture?
• Which nasal disease is associated with woodworking?
• What veins are located between the superficial nerve branches at the wrist?
• Which procedure would likely be performed to divert stool flow when an anastomosis is not feasible?
• What additional conditions often accompany syndromic hamartomatous polyps?
• Which of the following is an effect of noradrenaline?
• What does NAVEL stand for in relation to the contents of the femoral canal?
• What does Goodsall's rule apply to?
• What surgical intervention is typically indicated for a failed iliac trawl in acute limb ischaemia?
• What scan is specifically used to assess renal scarring and the structural integrity of the kidney?
• What is a defining characteristic of invasive lobular carcinoma?
• Which of the following nerves branches from the common peroneal nerve at the neck of the fibula?
• Which condition is indicated by a chronic fissure persisting for over 6 weeks?
• What type of medication is commonly used to treat anal fissures?
• What branches are found medially to the extensor retinaculum?
• What does Hartmann’s procedure entail?
• What is the primary drainage method for the cavernous sinus?
• Which method is most effective for imaging avascular necrosis in its early stages?
• What is the treatment for duodenal atresia in infants?
• Which condition presents with back pain, stiffness, and progressive kyphosis in adolescents, along with X-ray findings of epiphyseal plate disturbance?
• What condition is suggested by lower abdominal pain in a sexually active female, with laparoscopy showing fine adhesions between the liver and abdominal wall?
• What anatomy is related to the superior root of the ansa cervicalis?
• Which conditions are associated with anal fissures?
• Which type of colonic polyp is considered to have the lowest risk of malignancy?
• What are the clinical features of a Le Fort 2 fracture?
• What does Salter Harris Classification Type 3 involve?
• What clinical appearance indicates critical limb ischaemia between 12 to 24 hours?
• Which class of antibiotics is known for inhibiting cell wall synthesis?
• What vascular change is commonly seen in chronic transplant rejection?
• Which enzyme does milrinone inhibit to exert its therapeutic effect?
• Which clotting factor is synthesized by the hepatic endothelial cells?
• How does deafness differ in otosclerosis compared to acoustic neuroma?
• Weakness of finger flexion without sensory impairment is characteristic of which nerve injury?
• According to the rule of thirds for carcinoid syndrome, what proportion of patients have multiple tumors?
• Which anaesthetic is mostly used for rapid sequence induction?
• What is the management approach for a seroma developing after breast surgery?
• What structure is closely related to the splenic flexure?
• What is the most common adverse reaction to transfusing fresh frozen plasma?
• Which type of breast cancer has the best prognosis?
• What anomaly is characterized by dorsal displacement and angulation of the distal radius?
• What is the appropriate management for a burst abdomen with healthy wound edges and sufficient coverage of tissue?
• Where does the venous drainage of the right adrenal gland lead to?
• Which artery primarily supplies the gallbladder?
• Which of the following statements is true regarding the jugular foramen?
• Which arteries supply the adrenal glands?
• What is the primary risk factor for developing an anal fissure?
• Which vitamin K dependent factors are essential for blood coagulation?
• What is the role of vitamin D in relation to PTH?
• Which vessels are involved in forming the circle of Willis?
• What is the significance of the APC gene in relation to colon cancer?
• According to Goodsall's rule, what happens if the external opening of an anal fistula is located below the transverse anal line?
• What are key aspects of the colonic adenoma-carcinoma sequence?
• Which incision is associated with a rooftop approach?
• What does serosanguinous pink fluid through a closed abdominal wound indicate?
• What is a possible complication of performing an end ileostomy?
• In disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), which factors are impacted?
• How often should patients with Barrett's oesophagus undergo surveillance endoscopy?
• Adalimumab, infliximab, and etanercept are examples of what type of drugs?
• Which clinical manifestation is characteristic of Alagille syndrome?
• What is the recommended treatment for a carcinoid tumor greater than 2 cm?
• What test is used to assess the functionality of the adductor pollicis?
• What is the immediate clinical appearance of acute limb ischaemia within 6 hours?
• Which structure is located in close relation to the distal sigmoid and upper rectum?
• What is a common feature of avascular necrosis visible on X-ray in its late stages?
• What is the recommended action when ultrasound and core biopsy results do not agree for a breast lump?
• Thiazide diuretics primarily act on which part of the nephron?
• What innervates the platysma muscle?
• What artery primarily supplies blood to the caecum?
• Which peripheral nerves are associated with the medulla?
• What is the average daily volume of bile secretions?
• Where is McBurney's point located?
• Which method is typically used to visualize the venous anatomy in patients suspected of varicose veins?
• What condition is characterized by bubbles and excessive drainage following gastrectomy?
• Which fracture is associated with deep venous insufficiency?
• What is the common temperature range observed in early appendicitis?
• Under the two-week rule, which symptom is NOT a reason to refer a patient for further investigation?
• During isovolumetric contraction, which of the following is true about the volume of blood in the heart?
• When is tracheostomy typically indicated?
• What is a clinical feature associated with malocclusion in a Le Fort 2 fracture?
• What component does the "PINT" mnemonic represent in relation to the lesser sciatic foramen?
• Between which tendons does the radial artery lie?
• What happens to the outflow valves during late diastole?
• What post-operative complication is characterized by an abdominal mass after a renal transplant?
• What sequence correctly describes the passage of CSF through the ventricular system?
• Which groups are considered at risk for developing gastric cancer?
• What surgical management is appropriate when the closure of a distal resection margin is not achievable?
• Which part of the nephron is affected by loop diuretics?
• What structure does the cephalic vein pierce before entering the axillary vein?
• What is a common finding in a patient with Paget's disease of the nipple?
• What is the primary function of intrinsic factor produced by parietal cells?
• Which structures pass through the foramen magnum?
• Which of the following is a content of the jugular foramen?
• Which features are characteristic of Erb's palsy?
• What is a potential complication of chronic inflammation of the kidney, such as a staghorn calculus?
• What is the embryological origin of the appendix?
• Which condition are TNF-a inhibitors most commonly used to treat?
• Which vessels are associated with the inferior gluteal nerve?
• If APTT is prolonged, which condition is suggested?
• Which section of the nephron is influenced by spironolactone?
• Chordomas primarily occur in which part of the body?
• Which of the following applies to the function of the splenic artery?
• What is a common cause of stridor following a parathyroidectomy when the drain is empty?
• What is the initial pathway of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow in the brain?
• Which device is commonly used as a cutting instrument for brain and liver resections?
• What is contained within the adductor canal?
• What is the primary indication for identifying the Amsterdam criteria?
• In ARDS, what criteria must be met regarding pulmonary capillary wedge pressure?
• Which nerve is responsible for the innervation of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?
• What structure primarily drains lymph from the distal sigmoid colon and upper rectum?
• What are some key indicators for transferring burn patients to a specialized center?
• What is the main transmission route for campylobacter infections?
• What cutting instrument is recommended for circumcision due to less trauma to end vessels?
• When treating wound edges that are healthy, which procedure should be prioritized?
• Which foramen does the vagus nerve exit the skull through?
• Which US-hyperechoic benign liver lesion is commonly identified?
• What is the radiographic feature of avascular necrosis in its early stage?
• What is the typical indication for an end ileostomy?
• What is the typical appearance of an adrenal cortical adenoma when the mass is less than 4cm?
• What is the vitamin that is poorly absorbed following a gastrectomy?
• Which type of white blood cells are involved in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)?
• Which component contributes to the central tendon of the diaphragm?
• What condition can develop as a complication in burn patients due to fluid loss?
• What is the role of the pectineus muscle in the context of innervation?
• What is the definition of a granuloma?
• What is a characteristic symptom of glucagonoma?
• Which branch is not associated with the hepatic artery?
• What condition is characterized by diplopia on upward gaze and no upward or outward rotation of the eye?
• The procedure that allows for gastric decompression and fixation is known as what?
• Aortic dissection is commonly associated with which condition?
• Which peroneal muscle is NOT supplied by the superficial peroneal nerve?
• What is the recommended approach if there is no peritonitis in the management of an appendix mass?
• Which symptom is associated with Klumpke's palsy?
• What is the first step in managing an open, angulated, and unstable fracture?
• Which chemotherapy drug inhibits topoisomerase 1?
• What is the role of the PCA in the circle of Willis?
• Which artery is not a branch of the internal carotid artery?
• What does a Swan-Ganz catheter primarily measure?
• What laboratory findings may indicate hemolysis in a transfusion reaction?
• What condition is associated with Enteroinvasive E. coli?
• What is the commonest site for drainage following a perforated appendicitis?
• Which condition can mimic acute appendicitis, according to the classification?
• Where does the brachial artery begin?
• What is the termination point of the brachial artery?
• What is the role of the inferior vesical artery in the urinary system?
• Which statement describes the function of B2 adrenergic receptors?
• What autoimmune condition is polyarteritis nodosa associated with?
• What diathermy method produces a spray effect with superficial tissue damage while keeping the electrode away from the tissue?
• What is an expected clinical finding in a patient diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis?
• Which drug is known to inhibit DNA intercalation in chemotherapy?
• What structures form the posterior border of the anatomical snuffbox?
• Which variant is associated with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)?
• Cetuximab is used for which type of cancer?
• What is located anterior to the internal carotid artery (ICA)?
• What is a common gastrointestinal parasite associated with traveller's diarrhoea that can cause steatorrhoea?
• What is the function of a loop colostomy?
• What are the main branches of the coeliac trunk?
• What symptom is associated with Giardia lamblia infection?
• From which location is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) extracted?
• What is the typical demographic feature of Takayasu's arteritis?
• What should be applied in cases of anatomical snuffbox tenderness?
• What is expected in the breast examination of a postmenopausal woman with mucinous carcinoma?
• A Gantzer muscle may be associated with weakness of which nerve?
• What is the most common type of diaphragmatic hernia associated with Trisomy 21?
• What is the management approach for Type C ankle fractures in the Weber classification?
• What are the main malignant hallmarks of colonic adenomas?
• Which muscle is innervated by the ulnar nerve?
• Which subtype of E.coli is associated with hemorrhagic colitis?
• Which nerve provides innervation to the lateral surface of the auricle?
• What procedure is commonly indicated when a loop colostomy cannot be performed?
• What is the recommended treatment for bladder TCC greater than T2?
• In the Weber classification, what characterizes Type A ankle fractures?
• Which factors are exclusively involved in the intrinsic pathway of coagulation?
• Which of the following conditions is treated with radical cystectomy?
• What is a notable feature of Cowden's disease?
• What is the recommended management for comminuted fractures?
• How do you calculate the anion gap?
• What is the spinal level of the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA)?
• In below knee amputations, which flap technique is commonly utilized?
• How should a burst abdomen with granulation tissue over viscera be managed?
• Which gastrointestinal condition is indicated by the Amsterdam criteria?
• Which of the following is NOT a type of non-neoplastic colonic polyp?
• What surgical procedure involves division of the pec minor to access level 3 nodes?
• Which nerve is responsible for the cremasteric reflex?
• Which clotting factors are primarily affected by Heparin?
• What type of fracture involves both the fibula and tibia at the ankle joint?
• What is the significance of the superior sagittal sinus in relation to CSF?
• What characterizes isometric relaxation in the heart cycle?
• Which infection is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis?
• What artery is contained within the foramen spinosum?
• What treatment is indicated for sigmoid colon cancer?
• How do the symptoms of maxillary sinusitis differ from those of ethmoidal sinusitis?
• What type of liver lesion is characterized as heterogeneous on ultrasound?
• Which chest X-ray feature is indicative of aortic dissection?
• Which condition is suggested by hypoxia along with respiratory alkalosis in ABG results?
• Which anaesthetic is associated with hepatotoxicity?
• Which nerve innervates the dorsum of the foot, excluding the first web space?
• Which structures are in close relation to the rectum?
• What immediate sign might indicate hyperacute transplant rejection?
• What condition is characterized by cutaneous ulcers, nodules, and purpura?
• What is the main risk factor for producing intestinal metaplastic changes in Barrett's oesophagus?
• What is a typical feature of an anal fissure on examination?
• What do parietal cells in the stomach primarily produce?
• What is the "double bubble" AXR sign associated with in a neonate less than 12 hours old who presents with bilious vomiting?
• What physiological response does B adrenergic receptors stimulate in adipose tissue?
• Which strap muscle is not innervated by the ansa cervicalis?
• Males with cryptorchidism are at increased risk for which type of cancer?
• Does a loop ileostomy decompress the large bowel?
• What is the primary use of the looped 1 PDS suture in abdominal procedures?
• A tuft of hair overlying the lumbar spine is a classic sign of what condition?
• What is typically found in the emissary veins?
• What characterizes duct ectasia?
• What is a notable feature of the chemotherapy drug 5-Fluorouracil?
• Which surgical operation requires division of the lesser omentum to access lymph nodes?
• What is the main purpose of a loop ileostomy?
• What is one potential indication for amputation related to chronic injury?
• Which dermatome requires blocking to effectively perform an inguinal hernia repair?
• What is a classic sign of Vitamin K deficiency in coagulation results?
• What is a common characteristic of a wound that has a risk of dehiscence?
• Which sign is indicative of acute cholecystitis, characterized by hyperesthesia below the right scapula?
• Which anaesthetic agent is known for its antiemetic properties?
• The lateral part of the flexor digitorum profundus is innervated by which nerve?
• Which steroid does not affect the measurement of cortisol levels?
• What is the treatment option for seborrhoeic keratosis?
• Which laboratory finding is significant in Takayasu's arteritis?
• What symptom is typically present in patients with ileal disease in Crohn’s?
• Which of the following is contained within the foramen ovale?
• What is indicated for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)?
• Which of the following is NOT a criterion for brain stem death testing?
• What physiological effect is associated with the administration of intravenous fluids monitored by CVP?
• Which formula is primarily used to calculate the fluid requirements for burn resuscitation?
• What procedure is typically performed for low rectal cancer?
• What is a notable clinical feature of Campylobacter jejuni infection?
• What type of liver function test anomaly could occur in a HIV positive patient?
• What structure should be mobilized to approach the right adrenal gland anteriorly?
• What is *not* a histological feature of invasive breast cancer?
• Which clotting factors are most affected by temperature?
• Which nerve passes below the piriformis muscle?
• Which incision is commonly used for a cholecystectomy?
• What is the appropriate management for patients with large bowel obstruction due to carcinoma above the peritoneal reflection?
• What symptoms are indicative of maxillary sinusitis?
• In von Willebrand disease (vWD), which tests show elevated results?
• What does end diastolic volume represent in cardiac physiology?
• When is radiotherapy typically utilized in breast cancer treatment?
• How long should the feeding cycle be for ICU patients?
• What is the surgical treatment for upper rectal cancer?
• What is the main indication for performing a percutaneous jejunostomy?
• Dorsalis pedis is a continuation of which artery?
• In Gardner's syndrome, which gene mutation is primarily involved?
• What is one effect of stimulated baroreceptors?
• In the context of metabolic acidosis, which of the following is NOT part of the HARDUP mnemonic?
• Which of the following is a common feature of early appendicitis?
• Which of the following is a common complication associated with superficial bladder cancer treatments?
• What is the procedure for warfarin reversal?
• How many tendons are found in the carpal tunnel?
• Which condition predominately affects the areolar region?
• What is advised for patients showing signs of faecal peritonitis due to diverticulitis?
• What is a primary indication for administering chemotherapy in breast cancer?
• When is an end colostomy indicated?
• High-grade/large lesions of DCIS require which treatment?
• At what anatomical point is the surface marking of the femoral artery located?
• What is the treatment for low-grade DCIS?
• Which condition is most commonly associated with desmoid tumors in the intraabdominal region?
• What type of nerve injury may cause paraesthesia in the armpit after breast surgery?
• A patient presenting with a large infiltrative mass in the abdominal wall likely has what type of tumor?
• Which nerve is responsible for taste sensation in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
• What are some associations with anal fissures?
• When should fasciotomy be performed after surgery for acute limb ischaemia?
• What complication can atropine cause related to urinary function?
• Which cerebral venous sinuses drain into the internal jugular vein (IJV)?
• What is referred to as "Monty loses his head" in orthopaedics?
• Which class of antibiotics is associated with ototoxicity?
• Which treatment is indicated for Type A aortic dissection?
• What condition is characterized by pain and weakness in both legs, particularly in athletes?
• Which vein is located in contact with the brachial artery in the cubital fossa?
• Which condition is characterized by elevated serum calcium and ALP?
• Which structure is located medial to the cavernous sinus?
• What is the function of Flumazenil in anaesthesia?
• What defines the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck?
• Which cerebral venous sinus is unpaired?
• What is the classic histopathological finding in granulomatous diseases?
• What are the main components of cryoprecipitate?
• What is a common physical manifestation of Klumpke's palsy?
• What is an appropriate treatment for minor uncomplicated varicose veins?
• Which radiological features are associated with achondroplasia?
• Which muscle is NOT attached to the greater trochanter?
• What is the most common cause of anorectal abscesses?
• What is the significance of granulomas in Crohn's disease?
• Which parasite is commonly associated with causing an itchy anus?
• What does Jenkins' rule pertain to in surgical practice?
• Which structures are contained within the carotid sheath?
• Which complication is most commonly associated with gastric bypass?
• Where does the colon primarily drain lymphatic fluid?
• Which structure passes above the piriformis muscle?
• Which genetic condition is commonly associated with duodenal atresia?
• What genetic mutation is associated with atypical naevus syndrome?
• What does an increase in cardiac output primarily indicate?
• What is the typical excretory percentage of sodium when using thiazides?
• What happens to stroke volume in response to decreased sympathetic discharge from stimulated baroreceptors?
• Which antibiotic listed is known to inhibit DNA synthesis?
• Where does the common carotid artery bifurcate?
• What is the most important prognostic factor in breast cancer?
• Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located?
• What is the role of the central chemoreceptors?
• What is the standard surgical treatment for right colon cancer?
• How is cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) calculated?
• What happens to the AV valves during isovolumetric contraction?
• What are the histological features of ulcerative colitis?
• What is a Bennett's fracture?
• What are the branches of the splenic artery?
• During isometric relaxation, what is the status of the outflow valves?
• What is the first-line treatment for carcinoid tumors?
• What surgical intervention is indicated for managing chronic bile duct stones in patients who have previously undergone cholecystectomy?
• What area does the superficial peroneal nerve supply?
• At what vertebral level do the inferior phrenic branches originate?
• Which treatment is recommended for postmenopausal women concerning estrogen blocking?
• What type of acid-base disturbance is associated with high-output uretosigmoidostomy?
• When are amputations considered medically necessary?
• What anatomical feature separates the upper two-thirds of the anal canal from the lower third?
• What is a key indication for bariatric surgery?
• Which arteries provide the main arterial supply to the colon?
• How is an addisonian crisis best managed?
• In clinically silent appendicitis, what is the usual orientation of the appendix?
• When does chronic transplant rejection typically occur?
• Which investigation is most commonly used for patients with chronic venous insufficiency?
• What is the recommended treatment for a gastric tumor that is less than 5 cm from the OG junction?
• Which nerve is responsible for supplying the anterior compartment of the leg?
• In the management of critical limb ischaemia, what is the surgical intervention if there is definitive fixed mottling?
• Which nerve root lesion characterizes Klumpke's palsy?
• What is the recommended management of small bowel obstruction due to gallstone ileus?
• Which nerve injury is indicated by weakness of finger extensors while triceps and supinator function normally?
• What type of injury classifies as a Holstein-Lewis fracture?
• Which clotting factors does the PT measure?
• What is the primary indication for creating a mucous fistula?
• Which anatomical structure does the cephalic vein cross?
• What percentage of colon cancers have a synchronous lesion present?
• Which structure is closely related to the cecum?
• What is a severe complication of otalgia and facial nerve palsy in a diabetic?
• What is the expected bleeding time outcome for a patient taking aspirin?
• Which nerve is NOT found in the superior orbital fissure?
• In case of a fracture with associated vascular injury, what is the critical time frame for intervention?
• At what level is the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) located?
• Which condition involves uncontrolled hypertension, edema, and allograft dysfunction in a transplanted kidney?
• Where does the basilic vein primarily course within the arm?
• What is the primary blood supply to the bile duct?
• Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid is associated with which specific marker?
• What feature is common in patients diagnosed with Lynch syndrome?
• What artery is associated with the pudendal nerve?
• What is the management for chronic venous insufficiency with or without ulcers?
• What structure lies posteriorly to the right adrenal gland?
• Which wave in the JVP represents atrial contraction?
• What vitamin is essential for the formation of collagen?
• What defines spondylolysis?
• What is a branch of the lumbar plexus?
• Which cranial nerves are commonly affected in SOF syndrome?
• Which structure forms the inguinal ligament?
• Which structure is contained in the digastric (submandibular) triangle of the neck?
• What size of fibroadenoma necessitates a core biopsy?
• What surgical procedure is reasonable for treating an anal fissure in a young man?
• What is the classification of Shigella based on its structure?
• In chronic suppurative otitis media without cholesteatoma, which structure is mainly affected?
• Which nerve is responsible for innervating the obturator internus muscle?
• Which structure is involved in the innervation of the internal anal sphincter?
• What is the primary action of milrinone as an inotropic agent?
• Which lobe of the prostate is most likely to be enlarged in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
• What is a typical feature seen in the chest X-ray of a patient with aortic dissection?
• What is the primary cause of acute transplant rejection?
• Which feature distinguishes Gram negative bacteria?
• Which nerve is primarily responsible for motor innervation to the flexor pollicis longus?
• What is the suggested management for a burst abdomen where high output bowel fistula are present?
• What is the recommended treatment for duct ectasia?
• What is the primary feeding option recommended post-oesophagectomy?
• What symptom combination suggests renal vein thrombosis following renal transplant?
• What is the role of thyroglobulin antibodies in clinical practice?
• Which term best describes the condition of an extremity that is pale, cool and has lost pulses due to ischaemia?
• What does the Ottawa ankle rule state regarding X-ray necessity?
• What eponymous sign is associated with pain elicited by passive extension of the right thigh while the patient is lying on its side?
• Which deformity characterizes a Colles' fracture?
• What term is used to describe depressed skull fractures?
• What is a rare symptom in early appendicitis that may indicate an alternative diagnosis like gastroenteritis?
• How many tunnels does the extensor retinaculum contain?
• Which artery is associated with the deep peroneal nerve?
• Which condition is best treated using a loop ileostomy?
• Which type of biopsies are performed in the surveillance of Barrett's oesophagus?
• What is the preferred surgical approach for splenic flexure colon cancer?
• How are colon cancer patients primarily investigated who meet the referral criteria?
• What is the first phase of the myocardial action potential?
• Which phase begins when pressure in the ventricles exceeds that in the aorta?
• Which condition is characterized by the displacement of a vertebra and can cause leg pain in athletes?
• Blood nipple discharge with linear branching microcalcifications is indicative of?
• What is a common treatment option for palliative colon cancer?
• What is the recommended treatment for a gastric tumor that is confined to the mucosa?
• Which nerve can be compromised in a Smith's fracture?
• What diathermy setting utilizes modulated current with intermittent dampened sine waves of high peak voltage?
• What should be the condition of the atria during mid-diastole?
• What imaging finding is associated with Scheuermann's disease in adolescents?
• What anatomical structure does the circle of Willis surround?
• What condition is indicated by intermittent claudication and a weak popliteal pulse with knee extension?
• What function does the oculomotor nerve provide?
• Which of the following chemotherapy drugs is classified as an antimetabolite?
• Which characteristic is unique to breast cysts compared to fibroadenomas?
• At which level does the spinal cord terminate in adults?
• During early diastole, what is the pressure difference between the atria and ventricles?
• Which term is used to refer to diffuse type adenocarcinoma in the Lauren classification?
• What does central venous pressure (CVP) predominantly measure?
• Which organ does the left adrenal gland lie directly adjacent to inferiorly?
• What are the genetic characteristics of achondroplasia?
• Which histological feature is indicative of Barrett's oesophagus?
• What effect can tamoxifen have in postmenopausal women besides blocking estrogen?
• What should patients considering bariatric surgery have attempted prior to surgery?
• What are the medial, inferior, and superior boundaries of Calot's triangle?
• What is the initial treatment modality typically employed for bile duct injury?
• Which complication following a renal transplant requires surgical intervention for management?
• What vessels primarily supply blood to the bladder?
• What type of fracture is a Smith's fracture commonly known as?
• A patient presents with unilateral tonsillar swelling and pyrexia. What is the likely condition?
• What is the treatment approach for a newborn diagnosed with duodenal atresia?
• Which artery is responsible for the arterial supply of the appendix?
• Which flaps are commonly used in below knee amputations?
• What are the branches of the basilar artery?
• Where does the common peroneal nerve bifurcate?
• What muscle is primarily supplied by the thoracodorsal nerve?
• What is the most suitable incision for the excision of the submandibular gland?
• What is the recommended treatment for a flat polypoidal lesion in the caecum that shows high grade dysplasia?
• Which of the following is NOT a conduit used for cardiopulmonary bypass?
• What is the first branch given off by the facial nerve?
• Which rotator cuff muscle does NOT insert into the greater tuberosity of the humerus?
• What type of tumor is characterized by large infiltrative masses consisting of clonal proliferation of myofibroblasts?
• Which demographic is most commonly associated with Buerger's disease?
• What causes hyperacute transplant rejection?
• What is the most likely site for epistaxis?
• What nerve is at risk during a Holstein-Lewis fracture?
• Which structure forms the medial border of the femoral canal?
• What is the most common acyanotic heart disease observed in infants?
• What does the presence of muddy brown casts in AKI suggest?
• Which of the following is a potential cause of axillary vein thrombosis?
• In what context is estrogen blocking used for women with breast cancer?
• Which blood product is most susceptible to gram-positive infections?
• What is the less cosmetically acceptable incision for appendicectomy?
• What is the standard treatment for superficial bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)?
• Which symptoms are indicative of retrobulbar haemorrhage?
• What is the primary function of the muscles innervated by the femoral nerve?
• What is the main function of the GeniHyoid?
• What heart valves close to produce the S1 heart sound?
• What condition is indicated by normal ALP and calcium levels?
• In the context of bile duct injuries, what is the most common cause?
• Which anaesthetics are noted to cause myocardial depression?
• Which type of bleeding disorder is characterized by a deficiency of coagulation factors and increased susceptibility to bleeding?
• Which nerve is affected by trauma leading to winging of the scapula?
• Which type of gastric acid secretion contributes the most during the gastric phase?
• What are the histological features of Crohn's disease?
• Which vein connects the basilic vein and cephalic vein?
• Which nerve supplies the lateral aspect of the foot?
• What condition is referred to when a stone is impacted in Hartmann's pouch, causing compression of the CBD?
• Which symptom is more common in a Le Fort 3 fracture?
• What is the course of the vertebral artery?
• Which component is NOT a floor structure of the anatomical snuffbox?
• What nerves branch off the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?
• What incision is typically performed for an appendicectomy?
• Which agent is recognized as an alkylating chemotherapy drug?
• What level corresponds to the origin of the gonadal arteries?
• What is the typical management required for an urine leak following a renal transplant?
• What is one structure that crosses the common carotid artery?
• Which vertebral level corresponds to the origins of the middle suprarenal arteries?
• What is the structure most commonly occluded by Pringle's manoeuvre?
• What is the venous drainage of the bladder in males?
• What is the procedure known as Ladd's procedure used to treat?
• Which of the following complications is most associated with diverticulitis?
• What clinical manifestation is most commonly associated with pelvic inflammatory disease?
• What timeframe is most common for abdominal wound dehiscence?
• What does the stylomastoid foramen contain?
• What condition may cause necrolytic migratory erythema?
• In which sequence should the components for establishing cardiopulmonary bypass be performed?
• What condition is associated with foul smelling anal discharge?
• Which muscle is positioned posteriorly in relation to the adductor canal?
• Which factor is not involved in the extrinsic pathway of coagulation?
• What nerve innervates the external auditory meatus?
• What is the typical progression of symptoms in a patient with cholera?
• What condition is typically characterized by straw-colored fluid accumulation after breast surgery?
• Which autosomal disorder is characterized by a paucity of bile ducts and cardiac defects?
• What type of skin lesion is described as solitary, faintly pigmented, and occurring at sites of previous trauma?
• A postmenopausal woman with a solitary painless irregular breast lump is most likely diagnosed with?
• How can the percentage of total body surface area (TBSA) burned be estimated?
• What risk is associated with using PTFE in distal arterial bypasses?
• Which of the following is a common indication of meconium ileus in neonates?
• What is the typical effect of loop diuretics on sodium excretion?
• What muscle is not innervated by the anterior interosseus nerve?
• Which segment of the nervous system controls bladder function?
• What is the primary treatment for Campylobacter gastroenteritis?
• What is the course of the hypoglossal nerve in relation to the external carotid artery?
• What histological features are indicative of solitary rectal ulcers?
• What factors are involved in the common pathway of the coagulation cascade?
• What is the recommended management for recurrent acute diverticulitis?
• What does APTT measure in terms of blood coagulation factors?
• What is a common treatment for an anal fissure?
• Which helminth is known to have worms and eggs in the stool of infected individuals?
• Which anatomical structures are located posterior to the caecum?
• What is the purpose of the structures passing through the lesser sciatic foramen?
• Which artery is associated with the stylomastoid foramen?
• What movement is known to exacerbate psoas abscesses?
• Which branches are part of the external carotid artery?
• What effect is seen in the tongue when there is a hypoglossal nerve paralysis?
• What nerve crosses behind the brachial artery in the mid-arm?
• Which nerves arise from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?
• In which section of the colon are fluid levels considered pathological?
• Which hormone therapy is a risk factor for liver cell adenoma?
• What condition is indicated by a sudden loss of urine output in a renal graft?
• What is liver cell adenoma most commonly associated with?
• What happens to the outflow valves during mid-diastole?
• What structures pass deep to the extensor retinaculum?
• Which structure forms the medial boundary of the axilla?
• Which area receives cutaneous sensation from the intercostobrachial nerves?
• What complication can arise from using a VAC dressing over a burst abdomen?
• Which complication is associated with late graft stenosis after CABG?
• What is a contraindication for intraarterial thrombolysis?
• Which agent is associated with dissociative anaesthesia?
• What structure is first encountered at McBurney's point during surgical procedures?
• Which antibiotic is known for inhibiting RNA synthesis specifically?
• Which scan is utilized to investigate a failing kidney function in a known scarred kidney?
• Every how many years are men and women aged 60-69 recommended to have a faecal occult blood test for colon cancer screening?
• Which vessel accompanies the veins of the descending and sigmoid colon for venous drainage?
• Which nerve supplies the proximal plantar region?
• What is the recommended surgical treatment for abdominal compartment syndrome?
• What nerve is located inferior to the adductor longus?
• What condition is indicated by apple green birefringence?
• After a colectomy for colon cancer, what is the most appropriate treatment for a patient found to have liver metastases?
• What is the primary appearance of a fibroadenoma on physical examination?
• What is a primary indication for performing a gastrostomy?
• Which artery is also known as the superficial femoral artery?
• What is the treatment approach for a gastric tumor situated 5-10 cm from the OG junction?
• What defines the course of the genitofemoral nerve?
• What type of antibiotics are commonly used prophylactically in appendicitis?
• Which nerve is NOT part of the nerves from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?
• What type of suture material is primarily used for vascular anastomoses?
• What is the primary effect of adrenaline on the cardiovascular system?
• Which nerve is primarily associated with winging of the scapula?
• Which investigation is commonly used to diagnose carcinoid syndrome?
• What does the sacral plexus supply to?
• What is a common symptom of an anal abscess?
• What is a significant feature of Salmonella?
• What is the primary action of calcitonin in the body?
• What additional structure is associated with foramen ovale?
• What is the best method to assess the depth of a burn?
• What is included in the classification of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?
• Colonoscopy results showing melanosis coli are indicative of what condition?
• What is the spinal level associated with the coeliac trunk?
• At which vertebral levels do the lumbar arteries typically arise?
• Which method of diathermy is most effective for achieving hemostasis during surgical procedures?
• Which treatment is never performed simultaneously with abscess drainage in high anal fistulae?
• Which artery is the thyroid ima artery a branch of?
• What is the first-line treatment for retrobulbar haemorrhage?
• What does the terms 'dead, deadly, dead useless' refer to in amputation indications?
• The renal arteries typically arise at which spinal level?
• Which incision is preferred for gynecological surgery?
• How does the management of T3/T4 rectal cancer differ from T1/T2 rectal cancer?
• Which of the following is NOT a complication associated with fractures?
• What borders the safe triangle for chest drain insertion?
• What is the function of the nerve to the piriformis?
• What is a Pott's fracture?
• Which cranial nerve palsy is characterized by an inability to look down and in, leading to vertical diplopia?
• Which clinical feature is characteristic of Vibrio cholera infection?
• What is the common clinical feature of malignancies associated with woodworking?
• Which muscle does the common peroneal nerve run beneath?
• From which artery does the gastroduodenal artery arise?
• What characterizes a Galeazzi fracture?
• What is the effect of tissue factor in the coagulation process?
• Which condition is indicated by chronic sinuses with gram-positive bugs and sulfur granules?
• What are the principal branches of the internal carotid artery (ICA)?
• What does a sudden onset of abdominal pain and fever in a renal transplant patient suggest?
• Which clotting factors are consumed most quickly in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
• What is a potential complication associated with ketamine use?
• What condition is indicated by an inferior myocardial infarction with absent subclavian pulse?
• What investigations should be performed prior to surgery for large bowel obstruction?
• Which classification system includes the type described as “ruined” due to a compression fracture of the growth plate?
• What does a ground glass appearance on an AXR suggest?
• Which type of cells in the gastric mucosa produce pepsinogen?
• Which is a potential cause of diarrhea in Crohn's disease?
• What are the components of Cushing's triad?
• What diagnostic test is used to assess the presence of antibodies against thyroid peroxidase?
• What is the important relation of the hepatic flexure?
• What does an isolated elevated ALP indicate?
• What is a potential complication of aortic dissection type B?
• What tendon lies medial to the dorsalis pedis artery?
• Which nerve is responsible for the parasympathetic innervation of pelvic organs?
• What should be the initial approach if a patient is suspected to have a perforated bowel?
• What role does the internal jugular vein play in CVP monitoring?
• What skin condition is characterized by greasy keratotic lesions in individuals over 50?
• What method is used to measure anatomical dead space?
• What are the muscular actions associated with the deep peroneal nerve?
• What is defined as ARDS?
• Which antibiotics are primarily responsible for inhibiting protein synthesis?
• Which type of aortic dissection often requires surgical management?
• What is the recommended management for acute limb ischaemia occurring between 6 to 12 hours?
• In which autoimmune conditions are TPO antibodies typically found?
• In the case of a non-closure scenario for a burst abdomen, what is the temporary solution?
• Who is primarily affected by duct ectasia?
• What is the appropriate action for re-evaluation in cases of suspected fracture after initial assessment?
• What key factor differentiates ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) subtypes?
• What is considered the diagnostic intracompartmental pressure for compartment syndrome?
• Which test is commonly used to assess acute hemolysis or transfusion reactions?
• In the Ottawa ankle rules, tenderness over which area necessitates an X-ray?
• What is the function of the aortic cross clamp in cardiopulmonary bypass?
• Which incision is used in a typical strangulated hernia repair?
• What causes the high aortic pressure during mid-diastole?
• What is the primary event during late systole?
• What is an essential consideration in managing a burst abdomen temporarily?
• What forms the posterior boundary of the anterior triangle of the neck?
• Where are anal fissures most commonly located?
• What characterizes a Le Fort 1 fracture?
• What condition is suggested by the combination of bloody discharge and a palpable mass in the breast?
• What imaging technique is used for staging investigations in colon cancer?
• What are potential complications arising from severe burns?
• What is the roof of the adductor canal formed by?
• Which foramina does the mandibular nerve V3 pass through?
• Which of the following correctly classifies Yersinia enterocolitica?
• Which cutaneous nerves are provided by the femoral nerve?
• What type of tumors are commonly associated with aggressive fibromatosis?
• For which condition is total duct excision primarily indicated?
• What is the primary effect of dobutamine on the cardiovascular system?
• What is a common early intervention for burn management?
• What class of medication is Finasteride?
• What is the typical genetic inheritance pattern of Gardner's syndrome?
• Which treatment is indicated for transverse colon cancer?
• Which nerve is responsible for the innervation of the external anal sphincter?
• Which amino acid is associated with the production of catecholamines?
• When assessing a burn patient, which of the following methods is least reliable for estimating burn depth?
• What diathermy mode is primarily utilized for colonic polypectomy?
• What is the nerve supply to the first web space of the foot?
• In relation to the pars flaccida, where does the chorda tympani run?
• What is the primary cause of hypoxemia experienced in ARDS?
• What are the anaesthetics contraindicated in porphyria?
• What is the average half-life of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
• Which nerve roots supply muscles innervated by the ansa cervicalis?
• What incision is commonly used for renal transplantation or iliac vessel surgery?
• What does the foramen rotundum contain?
• What nerve is primarily affected in cases of weakness of forearm flexion and supination?
• Which cranial nerves are contained within the cavernous sinus?
• Which muscles are supplied by the buccal branch of the facial nerve?
• Which portion of the sciatic nerve innervates the hamstring muscles?
• What is the coagulation screen result for prothrombin time (PT) in a patient with DIC?
• Which of the following is an example of the usage of Anti-VEGF drugs?
• Adductor canal compression syndrome can lead to what symptom?
• What intrinsic mechanism is primarily responsible for chronic transplant rejection?
• Which pathogen is commonly associated with severe abdominal pain in cases of infective gastroenteritis?
• Which lymphatic nodes are primarily responsible for the drainage of the bladder?
• Which hormone is known as the "phosphate trashing hormone"?
• How is Paget's disease of the nipple diagnosed?
• Which lesion is commonly seen in children, often located on the face and legs, and has a pinkish appearance?
• What type of amputation is known as Gritti Stokes amputation?
• Which procedure is used to treat left colon cancer?
• What is the management strategy for symptomatic uncomplicated varicose veins?
• Which structure is a complication of cabg associated with transient cognitive impairment?
• What is the primary complication of untreated severe acute pancreatitis?